{
  "retrieved": "2026-10-02",
  "coordinateSystem": "WGS84",
  "coordinateSource": "https://download.geonames.org/export/dump/cities15000.zip",
  "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "notes": "City-centre locations from GeoNames; capitals and regional seats curated explicitly. Municipalities use their own city seat. National markers replace coincident provincial markers. Taipei uses the national marker for the central government seat. Hong Kong and Macao have no separate capital city marker. Jeonnam–Gwangju retains government offices in Gwangju, Muan and Suncheon. Map boundaries are unchanged.",
  "regionalSources": [
    "https://www.gwangju.go.kr/main.do",
    "https://www.jeonnam.go.kr/",
    "https://www.korea.net/Resources/Website-Directory/view?firstSort=A090300&secondSort=A090305"
  ],
  "places": [
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 110000,
      "en": "Beijing",
      "local": "北京",
      "kind": "national",
      "role": "National capital",
      "coordinates": [
        116.39723,
        39.9075
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1816670,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1816670/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 120000,
      "en": "Tianjin",
      "local": "天津",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Municipal government seat",
      "coordinates": [
        117.17667,
        39.14222
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1792947,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1792947/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 130000,
      "en": "Shijiazhuang",
      "local": "石家庄",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        114.47861,
        38.04139
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1795270,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1795270/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 140000,
      "en": "Taiyuan",
      "local": "太原",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        112.56028,
        37.86944
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1793511,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1793511/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 150000,
      "en": "Hohhot",
      "local": "呼和浩特",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        111.65222,
        40.81056
      ],
      "geonamesId": 2036892,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/2036892/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 210000,
      "en": "Shenyang",
      "local": "沈阳",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        123.43278,
        41.79222
      ],
      "geonamesId": 2034937,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/2034937/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 220000,
      "en": "Changchun",
      "local": "长春",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        125.32278,
        43.88
      ],
      "geonamesId": 2038180,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/2038180/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 230000,
      "en": "Harbin",
      "local": "哈尔滨",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        126.65,
        45.75
      ],
      "geonamesId": 2037013,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/2037013/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 310000,
      "en": "Shanghai",
      "local": "上海",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Municipal government seat",
      "coordinates": [
        121.45806,
        31.22222
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1796236,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1796236/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 320000,
      "en": "Nanjing",
      "local": "南京",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        118.77778,
        32.06167
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1799962,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1799962/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 330000,
      "en": "Hangzhou",
      "local": "杭州",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        120.16142,
        30.29365
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1808926,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1808926/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 340000,
      "en": "Hefei",
      "local": "合肥",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        117.28083,
        31.86389
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1808722,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1808722/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 350000,
      "en": "Fuzhou",
      "local": "福州",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        119.30611,
        26.06139
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1810821,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1810821/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 360000,
      "en": "Nanchang",
      "local": "南昌",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        115.85306,
        28.68396
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1800163,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1800163/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 370000,
      "en": "Jinan",
      "local": "济南",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        116.99722,
        36.66833
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1805753,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1805753/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 410000,
      "en": "Zhengzhou",
      "local": "郑州",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        113.64861,
        34.75778
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1784658,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1784658/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 420000,
      "en": "Wuhan",
      "local": "武汉",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        114.26667,
        30.58333
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1791247,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1791247/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 430000,
      "en": "Changsha",
      "local": "长沙",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        112.97087,
        28.19874
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1815577,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1815577/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 440000,
      "en": "Guangzhou",
      "local": "广州",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        113.25,
        23.11667
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1809858,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1809858/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 450000,
      "en": "Nanning",
      "local": "南宁",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        108.31667,
        22.81667
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1799869,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1799869/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 460000,
      "en": "Haikou",
      "local": "海口",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        110.34651,
        20.03421
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1809078,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1809078/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 500000,
      "en": "Chongqing",
      "local": "重庆",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Municipal government seat",
      "coordinates": [
        106.55771,
        29.56026
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1814906,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1814906/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 510000,
      "en": "Chengdu",
      "local": "成都",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        104.06667,
        30.66667
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1815286,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1815286/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 520000,
      "en": "Guiyang",
      "local": "贵阳",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        106.71667,
        26.58333
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1809461,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1809461/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 530000,
      "en": "Kunming",
      "local": "昆明",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        102.71833,
        25.03889
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1804651,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1804651/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 540000,
      "en": "Lhasa",
      "local": "拉萨",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        91.1,
        29.65
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1280737,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1280737/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 610000,
      "en": "Xi’an",
      "local": "西安",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        108.92861,
        34.25833
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1790630,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1790630/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 620000,
      "en": "Lanzhou",
      "local": "兰州",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        103.83987,
        36.05701
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1804430,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1804430/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 630000,
      "en": "Xining",
      "local": "西宁",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        101.75739,
        36.62554
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1788852,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1788852/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 640000,
      "en": "Yinchuan",
      "local": "银川",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        106.27306,
        38.46806
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1786657,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1786657/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 650000,
      "en": "Ürümqi",
      "local": "乌鲁木齐",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        87.60046,
        43.80096
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1529102,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1529102/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "china",
      "region": 710000,
      "en": "Taipei",
      "local": "臺北",
      "kind": "national",
      "role": "Seat of Taiwan’s central government",
      "coordinates": [
        121.52639,
        25.05306
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1668341,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1668341/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KR-11",
      "en": "Seoul",
      "local": "서울",
      "kind": "national",
      "role": "National capital",
      "coordinates": [
        126.9784,
        37.566
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1835848,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1835848/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KR-26",
      "en": "Busan",
      "local": "부산",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Municipal government seat",
      "coordinates": [
        129.03004,
        35.10168
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1838524,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1838524/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KR-27",
      "en": "Daegu",
      "local": "대구",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Municipal government seat",
      "coordinates": [
        128.59111,
        35.87028
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1835329,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1835329/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KR-28",
      "en": "Incheon",
      "local": "인천",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Municipal government seat",
      "coordinates": [
        126.70515,
        37.45646
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1843564,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1843564/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KR-12",
      "en": "Gwangju",
      "local": "광주",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Regional government seat",
      "coordinates": [
        126.91556,
        35.15472
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1841811,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1841811/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KR-12",
      "en": "Muan",
      "local": "무안",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Regional government seat",
      "coordinates": [
        126.47899,
        34.99014
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1840982,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1840982/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KR-12",
      "en": "Suncheon",
      "local": "순천",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Regional government seat",
      "coordinates": [
        127.48784,
        34.9505
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1835648,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1835648/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KR-30",
      "en": "Daejeon",
      "local": "대전",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Municipal government seat",
      "coordinates": [
        127.38493,
        36.34913
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1835235,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1835235/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KR-31",
      "en": "Ulsan",
      "local": "울산",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Municipal government seat",
      "coordinates": [
        129.31667,
        35.53722
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1833747,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1833747/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KR-36",
      "en": "Sejong",
      "local": "세종",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Municipal government seat",
      "coordinates": [
        127.29223,
        36.59245
      ],
      "geonamesId": 11523293,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/11523293/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KR-41",
      "en": "Suwon",
      "local": "수원",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        127.00889,
        37.29111
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1835553,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1835553/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KR-51",
      "en": "Chuncheon",
      "local": "춘천",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        127.73417,
        37.87472
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1845136,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1845136/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KR-43",
      "en": "Cheongju",
      "local": "청주",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        127.48972,
        36.63722
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1845604,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1845604/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KR-44",
      "en": "Hongseong",
      "local": "홍성",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        126.665,
        36.6009
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1844174,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1844174/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KR-47",
      "en": "Andong",
      "local": "안동",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        128.72275,
        36.56636
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1846986,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1846986/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KR-48",
      "en": "Changwon",
      "local": "창원",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        128.68111,
        35.22806
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1846326,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1846326/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KR-50",
      "en": "Jeju",
      "local": "제주",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        126.52194,
        33.50972
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1846266,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1846266/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KR-52",
      "en": "Jeonju",
      "local": "전주",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        127.14889,
        35.82194
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1845457,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1845457/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KP-356535",
      "en": "Wonsan",
      "local": "원산",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        127.44361,
        39.15278
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1866923,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1866923/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KP-5453650",
      "en": "Nampo",
      "local": "남포",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Municipal government seat",
      "coordinates": [
        125.40778,
        38.7375
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1873757,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1873757/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KP-6648083",
      "en": "Rajin",
      "local": "라진",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Regional government seat",
      "coordinates": [
        130.28308,
        42.25559
      ],
      "geonamesId": 2042645,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/2042645/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KP-356419",
      "en": "Pyongsong",
      "local": "평성",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        125.87194,
        39.24639
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1871871,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1871871/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KP-356540",
      "en": "Sinuiju",
      "local": "신의주",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        124.39806,
        40.10056
      ],
      "geonamesId": 2040893,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/2040893/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KP-356443",
      "en": "Pyongyang",
      "local": "평양",
      "kind": "national",
      "role": "National capital",
      "coordinates": [
        125.75432,
        39.03385
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1871859,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1871859/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KP-356386",
      "en": "Hamhung",
      "local": "함흥",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        127.53639,
        39.91833
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1877449,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1877449/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KP-3781418",
      "en": "Chongjin",
      "local": "청진",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        129.77583,
        41.79556
      ],
      "geonamesId": 2044757,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/2044757/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KP-356533",
      "en": "Haeju",
      "local": "해주",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        125.71472,
        38.04056
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1877615,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1877615/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KP-356442",
      "en": "Sariwon",
      "local": "사리원",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        125.75583,
        38.50722
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1870883,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1870883/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KP-356392",
      "en": "Kanggye",
      "local": "강계",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        126.58523,
        40.96946
      ],
      "geonamesId": 2043572,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/2043572/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KP-356379",
      "en": "Hyesan",
      "local": "혜산",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Provincial capital",
      "coordinates": [
        128.17778,
        41.40167
      ],
      "geonamesId": 2043837,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/2043837/"
    },
    {
      "atlas": "korea",
      "region": "KP-5455268",
      "en": "Kaesong",
      "local": "개성",
      "kind": "provincial",
      "role": "Municipal government seat",
      "coordinates": [
        126.55444,
        37.97083
      ],
      "geonamesId": 1876373,
      "source": "https://www.geonames.org/1876373/"
    }
  ]
}